Exploring The Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Weight Perception, And Weight Change Behaviour Among University Students in Urban Gujarat, India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: In the context of the rising trend of overweight and obesity, young people are more concerned about their weight. This study investigates the association between measured Body Mass Index (BMI), self-perception of body weight and weight change behavior among university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed a sample of 415 university students aged 18-23 years residing in urban areas of Anand. Measures included weight, height, BMI, body weight perception and weight change behavior. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, the student’s t-test and Chi-square test. Results: About 36.1% of the participants misclassified their weight category. More women than men felt overweight in relation to their actual body shape. Among normal-weight or underweight BMI participants, 44.4% of females and 31.8% of males were inappropriately trying to lose weight. Conclusions: The study showed a higher prevalence of weight perception and inappropriate weight change behaviour. It also observed that the correct perception of body weight influences the willingness to lose or gain weight. It is important to consider these issues while designing a public health campaign targeting obesi-ty and healthy lifestyles.

Relationship between hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype and abnormal blood pressure in children and adolescents in Yinchuan City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTW) phenotype and abnormal blood pressure in children and adolescents in Yinchuan City, Ningxia, and to provide scientific basis for early identification and prevention of hypertension.@*Methods@#A cluster sampling method was adopted to select 1 566 children and adolescents in Yinchuan. All participants completed questionnaire survey, physical measurement and biochemical examination.@*Results@#In general, after adjusting for age, smoking, drinking, and family history of hypertension, compared with the normal triglyceride normal waist (NWNT) phenotype, the enlarged waist (EW) and HTW phenotypes both increased the risk of abnormal blood pressure ( OR EW =2.62, 95% CI =1.87-3.67; OR HTW =3.97, 95% CI =2.30-6.86); the risk of abnormal blood pressure in boys with EW and HTW phenotypes was that of boys with NTNW phenotype, respectively 3.80 times (95% CI =2.35-6.15) and 3.32 times (95% CI =1.59-6.92) of girls EW and HTW phenotypes. The risk of abnormal blood pressure in girls with EW and HTW phenotypes was that of girls with NTNW phenotype, respectively 1.72 times (95% CI =1.06-2.82) and 4.62 times(95% CI =1.97-10.85).@*Conclusion@#The hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotypes among children and adolescents in Yinchuan is significantly correlated with increased risk of abnormal blood pressure. More attention should be paid to triglyceride level and waist circumference among children and adolescents.

Blood lead level of outpatient children in Anqing from 2015 to 2018 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze blood lead levels of children aged 0-14 in Anqing City during 2015 to 2018, to provide basic data for child poisoning prevention and control.@*Methods@#Using questionnaire surveys, physical examination, and laboratory tests to assess blood lead, age, height, weight, personal habits, environmental factors and other relevant information, to analyze associated factors of elevated blood lead levels.@*Results@#From 2015 to 2018, among the 4 406, 4 177, 3 833 and 3 381 children aged 0-14 in the pediatric outpatient, 662, 326, 225, and 56 cases were found with elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs), with the detection rate of 15.02%, 7.80%, 5.87%, and 1.66%, respectively. Detection rate in boys (16.54%, 7.31%, 6.18% and 1.88%) was similar with that of girls (16.04%, 8.51%, 5.42% and 1.33%) ( χ 2= 2.47 , 2.00, 0.99,1.53, P >0.05). Children in any age groups of 0-14 years might have EBLLs, highest in 14-year-old group in the year of 2015 and 2017. Personal behaviors associated with EBLLs included less meat and dairy products consumption, high frequent exposure to soil dust. In contrast, children who wash their hands before meals and wash toys ≥1 time/week were less likely to suffer from EBLLs ( χ 2=13.58，8.91，7.63，9.22， P <0.05). Environmental factors associated with EBLLs included were less than 50 m between the main road with residency, family members smoke, and parents engaged in construction, welding, automobile maintenance and other industries are more likely to have EBLLs, and the difference is statistically significant ( χ 2=4.92，10.63，22.95， P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The detection rate of EBLLs in Anqing City from 2015 to 2018 depressed by year. Washing hands before meals and cleaning toys frequently could reduce the risk of EBLLs.

Identification of microchips through diagnostic imaging helps to determine the longevity of the golden lancehead (Bothrops insularis) in captivity / Identificação de microchips por meio de diagnóstico por imagem auxilia a determinar a longevidade da jararaca-ilhoa (Bothrops insularis) em cativeiro

As serpentes vindas da natureza e encaminhadas para centros de reabilitação ou de pesquisa têm uma idade incerta. Na natureza, esses animais, muitas vezes atingem um tamanho corpóreo menor do que os indivíduos cativos devido a uma menor frequência de alimentação. Assim, a idade de uma cobra recém-chegada da natureza é geralmente estimada com base em seu tamanho corpóreo, o qual é comparado com dados em cativeiro. A utilização dos meios de diagnóstico por imagem tem auxiliado a medicina na análise das serpentes em cativeiro, mediante avaliação da estrutura óssea, dos órgãos e de alterações. Este trabalho relata o uso de diagnóstico por imagem (radiografia e ultrassonografia) para identificar a presença de microchips e, consequentemente, estimar a idade de uma Bothrops insularis em cativeiro.(AU)

Distortion and dissatisfaction with body size per the demographic and academic characteristics and the nutritional status of university students

To identify the prevalence of distortion and dissatisfaction with the body size of Brazilian university students, and establish their relationship with the demographic and academic characteristics and the anthropometric nutritional status. The sample consisted of students from a public university in the state of São Paulo. The Figure Rating Scale (FRS) for Brazilian adults was used as an instrument. The participants selected the figure that corresponded to the current body and another one for the desired body. The prevalence of distortion and dissatisfaction with body sizewas calculated with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The association between the variables was evaluated by the Chi-Square Test (χ2). The significance level of 5% was adopted. A total of 356 students (women=71.63%) with a mean age of 20.95 (SD=2.55) years participated. The prevalence of distortion and dissatisfaction with body size was 73.03% (95% CI=68.23­77.83) and 79.49% (95% CI=75.3­83.68), respectively. There was a high prevalence of distortion with body size among individuals with low weight (χ2=9.523, p=0.009). Students who distorted the body size (52.31% [95% CI=47.12­57.50]) underestimated their body size. The type of distortion was related to sex (χ2=26.35, p<0.001), physical activity (χ2=4.51, p=0.034), use of supplements (χ2=4.62, p=0.032), andthe anthropometric nutritional status (χ2=9.05, p=0.011). Students dissatisfied with the body (58.66% [95% CI=52.92­64.40]) wished to reduce the body size. The type of dissatisfaction was related to sex (χ2=5.79, p=0.016) and anthropometric nutritional status (χ2=89.83, p<0.001). The prevalence of body size underestimation was higher among men, students who practice physical activity, subjects using dietary supplements and underweight individuals. The wish to decrease body size was higher among women and overweight/obese individuals.(AU)

Population and reproductive traits of a freshwater amphipod (Crustacea, Peracarida, Hyalellidae) from northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Características populacionais e reprodutivas de um anfípodo de água doce (Crustacea, Peracarida, Hyalellidae) do noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Abstract The study of population and reproductive traits provides information about the ecological structure of natural populations. This study aimed to characterize dynamics and reproductive traits of Hyalella palmeirensis from a natural pond from southern Brazil. The amphipods were sampled monthly (August 2012 to July 2013) by a person with the aid of a hand net for 20 minutes. Ovigerous females and pre-copulatory pairs were individualized in the field. A total of 12,325 individuals were sampled, being 1,421 males, 6,983 females (including 215 ovigerous females) and 3,921 juveniles. Paired and unpaired males were significantly greater in size than females. There was a positive correlation between body size (CL) of paired males and females. Males and females showed bimodal distribution. Total sex ratio favored females, and these were more frequent in almost all months. Ovigerous females and precopulatory pairs were found throughout the year, but with high frequency in winter and autumn, respectively, characterizing a seasonal reproduction. Juveniles were sampled throughout the year, with greater intensity in the spring. The mean fecundity was 19.6 ± 4.34 eggs. No reduction in the number of eggs was observed during embryonic development. The results observed in H. palmeirensis demonstrate that this species has a population and reproductive dynamics very similar to other species of Hyalella already analyzed in southern Brazil. Moreover, it can be seen that although the H. palmeirensis occurs in an environment with anthropic influence (soy cultivation,) the population is managing to remain in the area, with reproduction and recruitment in most months of year.

Resumo O estudo dos aspectos populacionais e reprodutivos providenciam informações sobre a estrutura ecológica das populações naturais. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar aspectos populacionais e reprodutivos de Hyalella palmeirensis de uma lagoa do sul do Brasil. Os anfípodos foram amostrados mensalmente (agosto/2012 a julho/2013) por uma pessoa com o auxílio de puçá por 20 minutos. Fêmeas ovígeras e casais em comportamento pré-copulatório foram individualizados no campo. Um total de 12.325 indivíduos foram amostrados, sendo 1.421 machos, 6.983 fêmeas (incluindo 215 fêmeas ovígeras) e 3.921 juvenis. Machos pareados e não pareados são significativamente maiores em tamanho do que as fêmeas. Houve uma correlação positiva entre o tamanho do corpo (CC) de machos e fêmeas pareados. Machos e fêmeas apresentaram distribuição bimodal. A proporção sexual total favoreceu as fêmeas, e estas foram mais frequentes em quase todos os meses. Fêmeas ovígeras e casais em pré-cópula foram amostrados ao longo do ano, mas com elevada frequência no inverno e outono, respectivamente, caracterizando uma reprodução sazonal. Os juvenis foram amostrados ao longo do ano, com maior intensidade na primavera. A fecundidade média foi de 19,6 ± 4,34 ovos. Não houve redução no número de ovos durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Os resultados observados em H. palmeirensis demonstram que esta espécie possui uma dinâmica populacional e reprodutiva muito similar a outras espécies de Hyalella já analisadas no sul do Brasil. Além disto, apesar de H. palmeirensis ocorrer num ambiente com influência antrópica (cultivo de soja), sua população está conseguindo se manter na área, com reprodução e recrutamento na maioria dos meses do ano..

Influence of the physical growth indicators of primary and middle school students on hemoglobin in different economic zones of Ningxia / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To estimate the detection rate of low hemoglobin among primary and middle school students in Ningxia, and to explore association between physical growth indicators with level of hemoglobin in different economic zones from both the student and school levels, and to provide an effective basis for anemia prevention of primary and secondary school students.@*Methods@#The stratified random cluster sampling method was used to measure 5 447 primary and middle school students physical growth indicators and hemoglobin values. Prevalence of low hemoglobin was described and its association with physical growth indicators were analyzed through HLM models.@*Results@#The detection rate of low hemoglobin among primary and middle school students was 12.7%, of which 13.0% were boys and 12.4% were girls, without significant gender differences(χ2=0.43, P>0.05). Low hemoglobin in rural areas was higher than urban areas, as well as in the lowage group which was 18.5%, 12.6%, 8.3%, 11.5% in the 7, 9, 12, and 14-year-old groups, respectively, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant(χ2=43.49, 68.13, P<0.05). The wasting group had the highest detection rate of low hemoglobin, and low hemoglobin in obesity and overweight was lower than that of the normal group, with significant differences between groups(Z=2.08, P<0.05). Positive association between height and weight with hemoglobin was observed(γ 30 =0.13, γ 40=0.06), and the association of hip circumference with hemoglobin was negative(γ 50=-0.02). Body weight had a significant associated with the hemoglobin value in different economic film intervals(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The detection rate of low hemoglobin is relatively high among primary and middle school students in rural areas, low-age groups, and wasting groups in Ningxia. The differences between school groups are significant, and it is necessary to mine school-level variables.

Correlation between the ability of pull-up and the composition of upper limbs among male college students in Guangxi / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the correlation between pull-up ability and upper body composition of male college students in a college in Guangxi, and to provide scientific guidance for college students’ exercise.@*Methods@#A total of 685 male college students were randomly selected from a college in Guangxi.Pull up tests were implemented according to the national physical health test standards. Measurements of muscle mass, fat mass, fat percentage, etc. of the upper limbs were conducted by using the Ogilvy Body Composition Meter (TANITA MC-180). Data entry and analysis were performed by using SPSS 23.0.@*Results@#The pass rate of male college students in the region was 21.7%; There was a statistically significant difference in the fat mass and percentage of body fat between males with different pull-up ability (F=11.30，14.18，12.91，15.22，P<0.01).After controlling age, height, weight and BMI, partial correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between the pull-up ability of male college students and the fat mass and limb fat rate of both upper limbs(r=-0.22, -0.33, -0.31, -0.38, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The ability of male students in Guangxi to pull up is needed to be improved. Pull-up exercises can reduce fat mass and fat percentage in the upper limbs and improve body composition.

Correlation of profile esthetic indexes and esthetics evaluation in young females / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To find the facial soft tissue measured indexes related to esthetic evaluation.Methods Thirty women were selected and scanned with CBCT;all individuals showed normal jaw,and lateral profile was taken in natural head posture.All the data measured including E line were imported with software Winceph 8.0 and overlapped,acquiring lateral cephalometric radiographs in natural head posture.29 orthodontists and 85 laypersons were invited to evaluate the attractiveness of this 30 profile silhouettes.18 esthetic indexes including E line were measured by Winceph 8.0.Paired t-tests were carried out for measured values of aesthetic indexes from two groups.Then Pearson correlation analysis was used to each silhouette score and values of aesthetic indexes were analyzed.Results Orthodontists group had average 0.05 points higher than laypersons.The aesthetic evaluation was different between orthodontists and laypersons with statistical significance.The measured indexes were correlated with measured values of two groups,including TLL-TVL,B'-TVL,Pos'-TVL (P＜0.05).Conclusions There are differences between orthodontists and laypersons in soft-tissue profile esthetic evaluation.The value of TLL-TVL,B'-TVL and Pos TVL are three key soft-tissue measurements that influence the esthetic indexes both for orthodontists and laypersons.The head position is an element that influences esthetic evaluation.

Body shape changes among children living in Jinuo community / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore body shape changes among Jinuo boys and girls aged 7-12 years during 2011 to 2016, and to fill in the data gaps of the "National Physique Monitoring" and "Chinese Students’ Physique and Health" database.@*Methods@#Height and weight of children aged 7-12 years living in Jinuo nationality during 2011-2016 were measured. Inter-and intra-individual variation in body mass index (BMI) and BMI growth rate of Jinuo male and female girls were compared.@*Results@#From 2011 to 2016, boys and girls aged 7-12 years living in Jinuo community showed an overall increase trend in height. Some temporal and small declines in specific year were also noticed; the overall weight average showed an increasing trend; BMI increased with the age. The trends in boys and girls are basically the same. Growth rate in BMI showed a positive increasing trend.@*Conclusion@#During 2011-2016, body shape among boys and girls aged 7-12 years living in Jinuo community is generally thin. All the indicators in body shape show an increasing trend with age, which fits within the basic principal of human growth and development.

Ángulo de convexidad facial y proyección del mentón en pacientes en postoperatorio de rinoseptoplastia / Angle facial convexity and projection of the chin in patients undergone of rhinoplasty

Introducción: La relación de la nariz con la morfología facial no es solo estructural. Numerosos estudios sugieren la relación entre la función respiratoria nasal y el de-sarrollo craneofacial. Objetivo: Determinar la mejoría en el ángulo de convexidad facial y proyección del mentón en pacientes en postoperatorio de rinoseptoplastia. Diseño: Estudio observacional analítico tipo corte transversal. Metodología: Mues-tra de 43 pacientes, 26 de género femenino y 17 masculino, entre 12 y 43 años, sometidos a rinoseptoplastia con evolución postoperatoria mínima de 3 meses. Se analizaron las variables de edad, sexo, ángulo de convexidad facial de Legan y proyección del mentón según González Ulloa antes y después de la cirugía, así como tiempo postquirúrgico. Resultados: El ángulo de convexidad facial se redujo 3,72°+2,19. En la técnica de González Ulloa, se evidenció avance del pogonion 2,53 mm+ 1,60. De los 43 pacientes, un 72%, mostró cambios favorables en el án-gulo de convexidad facial y en la proyección del mentón. Los mejores resultados se evidenciaron en menores de 16 años y evolución postquirúrgica mayor a 1 año. Discusión: A diferencia de otras investigaciones, observamos cambios significativos en pacientes adultos. Tal hecho nos lleva a otras interrogantes sobre mecanismos adicionales que pudieran influir en los patrones de crecimiento facial. Conclusiones: La rinoseptoplastia al considerarse un procedimiento que mejora la función respira-toria nasal, favorece cambios neuromusculares y endocrinos que permiten un mejor desarrollo del perfil facial en especial del tercio inferior.

Introduction: The relation between the nose and the facial morphology is not only structural. Numerous studies have demonstrated also a relationship between nasal respiratory function and craniofacial development. Objective: To determine the im-provement in the angle of facial convexity and chin projection in patients in the postoperative period of rhinoseptoplasty. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: 43 patients were selected. 26 women and 17 men between 12 and 43 years old, undergoing Rhinoplasty with minimum 3 months of postoperative evolution. We analyzed the variables of age, sex, Legan's angle of facial convexity and projection of the chin according to Gonzalez Ulloa before and after surgery, as well as post-surgical time. Results: The angle of facial convexity was reduced X + D.S 3.72 ° + 2.19. The technique of González Ulloa showed progress of the pogonion X + D.S 2.53 mm + 1.60. Of the 43 patients, 72%, showed positive changes at the angle of facial convexity and the projection of the Chin. Best results were apparent in children under 16 years and more than 1 year postsurgical evolution. Discussion: Unlike other research, we observe significant changes in adult patients. This fact leads to other questions about additional mechanisms that might influence the facial growth patterns. Conclusions: Rhinoseptoplasty is a procedure that improves the nasal respiratory function, favors neuromuscular and endocrine changes that allow better development of the facial profile especially in the lower third.

Metal evaluation and ecotoxicological bioassays using Chironomus xanthus in sediments of triângulo mineiro watercourses / Avaliação de metais e bioensaios ecotoxicológicos utilizando Chironomus xanthus em sedimentos de cursos de água do triângulo mineiro

This study aimed to evaluate metal contamination in sediments of the Triângulo Mineiro watercourses and also analyze the toxicity of the sediments using Chironomus xanthus larvae, as test organisms. We collected sediments from three streams (P1, P2 and P3) and collected sediments in three points of the Uberabinha River (P4, P5 and P6). We analyzed Cu, Cr, Mn, Mg and Zn, and also performed acute and chronic toxicity tests. Acute tests were categorized into toxic (death > 50%), toxicity signs (10 < mortality < 50%) and non-toxic (mortality < 10), according to common protocols. In the chronic toxicity tests, the surviving larvae were stored for body size measurements. Of the five metals analyzed, all were found in the six sampling points, but only Cu and Zn were present at higher levels than the "Threshold Effect Level" (TEL). The sediments of the six sites have some level of toxicity and the mortality in the acute and chronic toxicity tests was 100%. No statistically significant differences, between treatment and the control were found in the larval growth. Based on the metal contamination and the toxicity bioassay results, we consider it important to monitor sediments and to evaluate changes in land use in the adjacent water courses. (AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a contaminação de metais nos sedimentos de cursos de água do Triângulo Mineiro e também analisar a toxicidade desses sedimentos utilizando larvas de Chironomusxanthus como organismo teste. Foram coletados sedimentos de três riachos (P1, P2 e P3) e também em três pontos do rio Uberabinha (P4, P5 e P6). Foram analisados Cu, Cr, Mn, Mg e Zn, e também realizados testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica. As amostras submetidas aos testes agudos foram categorizadas como tóxicas (mortalidade > 50%), evidências de toxicidade (mortalidade entre 10% e 50%) e não tóxicas (mortalidade <10%). Nos testes de toxicidade crônica, as larvas sobreviventes foram armazenadas para medidas do tamanho corporal. Dos cinco metais analisados, todos foram encontrados nos seis pontos amostrais, mas apenas Cu e Zn estavam presentes em níveis mais altos que TEL - Threshold Effect Level. Os sedimentos dos seis locais apresentam toxicidade ou indício de toxicidade e a mortalidade nos testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica foi de 100%. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas, entre o tratamento e o controle, no crescimento larval. Com base na contaminação verificada e nos resultados dos bioensaios de toxicidade, consideramos importante monitorar os sedimentos e as mudanças no uso dos solos adjacentes aos cursos de água. (AU)

Morphometric variations of two populations of Anopheles albitarsis F (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Orinoquia region, Colombia / Variaciones morfométricas de poblaciones de Anopheles albitarsis F (Diptera: Culicidae) en la Orinoquía colombiana

Abstract Introduction: Anopheles albitarsis F has been reported with natural infection by Plasmodium falciparum. In the Orinoquía, this species is in sympatry with Anopheles darlingi, a major malaria vector. Objective: To determine morphometric variations in diagnostic characters of wings and hind legs in adult mosquitoes of two populations of the Orinoquia region, where malaria is a major public health issue. Materials and methods: Using linear and geometric morphometry approaches, wing patterns of Costa veins from wild females, females obtained from entomological series and isofamilies were analyzed. Shape and wing size were estimated. The second hindtarsomere was analyzed by means of linear morphometry. Results: Two patterns of spots on the Costa vein of the wings were observed. Significant statistical differences (p<0.05) were found in wing size and shape between wild females and females obtained under laboratory conditions. In the populations studied, a PHD/HP ratio of 1.17-1.19 in the Costa vein and a 0.38-0.54 for the DSIII2/TaIII2 ratio in the second posterior tarsomere of the hind legs, proposed as diagnostic characters. Conclusion. The studied populations of An. albitarsis F showed significant differences between wild females and those obtained under laboratory conditions, not only in wing size, but also in shape. New ranges presented for the diagnostic characters of the species.

Resumen Introducción. Anopheles albitarsis F ha sido registrada con infección natural por Plasmodium falciparum. En la Orinoquía, se encuentra en simpatría con Anopheles darlingi, un vector primario de malaria. Objetivo. Determinar variaciones morfométricas en caracteres diagnósticos de ala y pata posterior de mosquitos adultos procedentes de dos poblaciones naturales de la Orinoquía, donde la malaria constituye un problema de salud pública. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron, mediante morfometría lineal y geométrica, los patrones de manchas de la vena Costa del ala de hembras silvestres, de hembras obtenidas de series entomológicas y de isofamilias. Se estimó la forma y el tamaño alar. El segundo tarsómero posterior se analizó por morfometría lineal. Resultados. Se observaron dos patrones de manchas de la vena Costa; se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tamaño y forma alar (p<0.05) entre las hembras silvestres y las obtenidas en condiciones de laboratorio. Para las poblaciones estudiadas, se proponen como caracteres diagnósticos la proporción PHD/HP de 1.17-1.19 en la vena Costa y 0.38-0.54 para la proporción DSIII2/ TaIII2 del segundo tarsómero posterior de la pata posterior. Conclusión. Las poblaciones estudiadas de An. albitarsis F presentaron diferencias significativas entre las hembras silvestres y las obtenidas en condiciones de laboratorio, no solo en el tamaño de las alas, sino también en la forma. Se presentan nuevos rangos para los caracteres diagnósticos de la especie.

Relationship between propulsive force of the arm, body composition and isokinetic muscle strength indicators in surfers / Relação entre a força propulsiva da braçada, composição corporal e indicadores de força muscular isocinética em surfistas

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the potential relationship between body composition (percentage of fat mass (FM %), fat mass and lean mass), muscle function (i.e., muscles; deltoid side and front, pectoralis major and teres major) and the propulsive force of the arm (PFA). Sixteen competitive surfers (29.1 ± 7.3 years; 1.72 ± 0.06 m; 74.2 ± 1.4 kg) were assessed for height, body mass, body composition (dual-energy-DXA), muscle function and PFA. Pearson correlation analyses were used to verify the relationship between all variables. An inverse correlations were found between PFA and isokinetic parameters to 60o/s: external rotation (peak torque: r = -0.71; p = 0.014; total work: r = -0.75; p = 0.007; power: r = -0.72; p = 0.011) and internal rotation (peak torque: r = -0.61; p = 0.045; total work: r = -0.73; p = 0.010; power: r = -0.61; p = 0.045) and 300o/s: external rotation (peak torque: r = -0.79; p = 0.003; total work: r = -0.84; p<0,001; power: r = -0.81; p = 0.002) and internal rotation (peak torque: r = -0.69; p = 0.017; total work: r = -0.72; p = 0.011; power: r = -0.69; p = 0.017). There was no significant correlation between body composition components and PFA (p>0.05). Although correlations do not imply cause and effect, PFA is not correlated with body composition in surfers and these relationships are inversely related to the parameters of muscle function.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a potencial relação entre a composição corporal (percentual de gordura (% gord.), massa gorda e massa magra), função muscular (i.e., músculos; deltoide anterior, deltoide lateral, peitoral maior e redondo maior) e a força propulsiva da braçada (FPB). Dezesseis surfistas competitivos (29,1 ± 7,3 anos, 1,72 ± 0,06 m, 74,2 ± 1,4 kg) tiveram a altura, massa corporal, composição corporal (dual-energy-DXA), função muscular e FPB avaliados. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson foi empregado para avaliar a relação entre todas as variáveis. Foram observadas relações inversas entre a FPB e os parâmetros isocinéticos a 60°/s: rotação externa (pico de torque: r = -0,71; p = 0,014; trabalho total: r = -0,75; p = 0,007; potência: r = -0,72; p = 0,011) e rotação interna (pico de torque: r = -0,61; p = 0,045; trabalho total= r = -0,73; p = 0,010; potência: r = -0,61; p = 0,045) e 300o/s: rotação externa (pico de torque: r = -0,79; p = 0,003; trabalho total: r = -0,84; p<0,001; potência: r = -0,81; p = 0,002) e rotação interna (pico de torque: r = -0,69; p = 0,017; trabalho total: r = -0,72; p = 0,011; potencia: r = -0,69; p = 0,017). Não foram observadas correlações significativas entre os componentes da composição corporal e a FPB (p>0,05). Embora as correlações não impliquem em causa e efeito, a FPB não está correlacionada com a composição corporal em surfistas e estas relações são inversas com os parâmetros da função muscular.

Reproductive strategies of a population of a freshwater amphipod (Crustacea, Amhipoda, Hyalellidae) from southern Brazil / Estratégias reprodutivas de uma população de um anfípodo de água doce (Crustacea, Amhipoda, Hyalellidae) do sul do Brasil

Abstract: The aim of this study was to characterize the reproductive strategies of a population of Hyalella bonariensis from southern Brazil. Pairing success, reproductive period of males and females, fecundity, and body size at the onset of reproduction were evaluated. Animals were sampled four times (August 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013) with the 250 µm-mesh dip net during 20 minutes by only one person. In the field, precopulatory pairs and ovigerous females were individualized. In the laboratory, cephalothorax length (CL) were measured and eggs and juveniles were removed from the females' marsupium and counted. The mean CL of paired males and females was significantly higher than that of non-paired males and females. A sexual dimorphism in body size was observed in the population - both paired and non-paired males were larger than females. Probably larger males have a higher probability of losing females during precopulatory behavior. A significant correlation was observed between the size of paired males and females - larger males often paired with larger females and smaller males paired with smaller females (r = 0.81). The pairing success of males increased with body size and we can assume that males from all size classes are able to find mates. The pairing success of females was independent of body size - paired and non-paired females had similar mean CL. The reproductive success increased with body size in males and females, and was more evident in males. Females from the largest size classes had null reproductive success. The idea that larger females can produce more eggs but might have a lower probability of finding a mate than smaller females was corroborated by our results. Therefore, smaller females have higher pairing success because they are capable of mating with a higher percentage of males. The estimated mean fecundity of H. bonariensis was 17.4 (± 3.89) eggs/juveniles. Our results are similar to those of other species of Hyalella from Brazil.

Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar as estratégias reprodutivas de uma população de Hyalella bonariensis no sul do Brasil, avaliando o sucesso de pareamento, o período reprodutivo de machos e fêmeas, a fecundidade e o tamanho corporal dos indivíduos durante a reprodução. Para isso foram realizadas quatro amostragens (Agosto/2012, Outubro/2012, Janeiro/2013 e Abril/2013) utilizando-se uma rede de mão, com malha de 250 µm, durante 20 minutos por um coletor. Em campo, os casais e as fêmeas ovígeras foram individualizados e em laboratório os mesmos foram mensurados quanto ao comprimento do cefalotórax (CC) (mm) e os ovos ou juvenis encontrados dentro do marsúpio foram contados. O CC médio dos machos e fêmeas pareados foi significativamente superior ao dos machos e fêmeas não pareados. Um dimorfismo sexual no tamanho corpóreo foi observado na população - ambos machos pareados e não pareados foram maiores do que as fêmeas. Aparentemente os machos maiores têm uma maior probabilidade de perder fêmeas durante o comportamento precopulatório. Foi observada correlação positiva entre o tamanho dos machos e fêmeas que foram encontrados formando casais - machos maiores geralmente pareiam com fêmeas maiores e machos menores com fêmeas menores (r=0,81). O sucesso de pareamento dos machos aumentou com o tamanho corpóreo e podemos assumir que os machos de todas as classes de tamanho são capazes de encontrar parceiras sexuais; entretanto, o sucesso de pareamento das fêmeas não depende do tamanho das mesmas, sendo que as fêmeas pareadas e não pareadas apresentaram CC médio semelhante. O sucesso reprodutivo da espécie aumentou com o tamanho corpóreo em machos e fêmeas, sendo mais pronunciado nos machos. As fêmeas pertencentes às maiores classes de tamanho apresentaram sucesso reprodutivo nulo. Os resultados suportam a ideia que as fêmeas grandes poderiam ter uma baixa probabilidade de encontrar parceiro para formar par pré-copulatório, quando comparada às fêmeas de tamanhos inferiores, apesar das fêmeas maiores serem mais fecundas. Neste sentido, as menores fêmeas possuem um sucesso de pareamento maior, pois elas são capazes de copular com uma elevada proporção de machos. A fecundidade média da espécie foi estimada em 17,4 (± 3,89) ovos/juvenis. Os resultados observados no presente trabalho assemelham-se aos encontrados para outras espécies do gênero já analisadas no sul do Brasil.

Effects of different weeks of age and sex on the main organ coefficients, intestinal length and body size of SJ5-SPF chickens / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To analyze the changes and gender differences of organ coefficients, intestinal length and body size of SJ5-SPF chickens at different weeks of age,and to provide experimental data for the sex selection of laboratory chickens. Methods The body weight,the weight of 15 main organs,and length of 5 main segments of intestine and the 6 main parameters of body size of SJ5-SPF chickens at the age of 4,20,25 and 40 weeks were measured,respectively,and the organ coefficients were calculated. In addition, the gender differences in body weights, organ coefficients, intestinal lengths and body sizes between the female and male SJ5-SPF chickens at the four different weeks of age were compared, respectively. Results There were significant differences in body weights between the male and female SJ5-SPF chickens at each of the four different weeks of age(P < 0.01). The organ coefficients varied between females and males to different extents at different weeks of age. As for the intestinal length,there were no significant differences in the length of jejunum and ileum as well as rectum between the male and female chickens, while the length of duodenum, left cecum and right cecum showed gender differences at some of the four different weeks of age. During the determination of body size, there were gender differences in body length,shank length,pelvic width,chest depth and chest width at two or three of the four different weeks of age. Conclusions The organ coefficients, intestinal length and body size of SJ5-SPF chickens are affected by both their age and gender.

Clinical Evaluation of Ring and Body Size Effect on Left Atrial Reverse Remodeling after Mitral Valve Repair / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

Background : Left atrial reverse remodeling occurs when the left atrial load is reduced after mitral valve repair for mitral valve regurgitation. However, several reports demonstrate mitral valve stenosis after mitral valve repair with a mitral ring, which leads to impaired left atrial reverse remodeling. Objective : To examine the effect of ring size and body size on left atrial reverse remodeling after mitral valve repair. Patients and Methods : Sixty patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography before and after mitral valve repair for mitral valve regurgitation in our hospital. The left atrial volume (LAV) was compared pre- and postoperatively. Ring-size/BSA (mm/m2) was defined as values to express the mismatch between ring-size and body size after mitral valve repair with a mitral ring. In addition, we examined which factors correlated with the left atrial volume reduction rate including ring-size/BSA. The mean ring size was 28 mm. The study interval was 17±6 months. Result : LAV changed from 82±37 ml to 47±20 ml postoperatively. The left atrial volume reduction rate was 39.8±18.6%. The peak pressure gradient measured from the transmitral flow (TMF p-PG) was 7.5±3.0 mmHg. Ring size showed a stronger correlation with body height than BSA. The ring-size/BSA was 17.7±2.1 mm/m2. Multivariate analysis shows that correlates of the LAV reduction rate were ring-size/BSA, pre LAV and age. Ring-size, TMF p-PG, ring annuloplasty only and postoperative TRPG did not show a strong correlation with the LAV reduction rate. Conclusion : A mismatch between body size and ring size is a negative factor for left atrial reverse remodeling after mitral valve repair with a mitral ring. The ring-size/BSA may be a useful factor to express grade of the mismatch.

Variaciones adaptativas en la talla de la megafauna bentónica de fondos blandos tropicales en función de parámetros bióticos y abióticos / Adaptive variation in size of tropical soft bottom benthic megafauna related to biotic and abiotic factors

Resumen: Entender y predecir variaciones en el tamaño de los invertebrados megabentónicos sigue siendo un desafío importante en macroecología marina. Este estudio se realizó para identificar tendencias de cambio en la talla de la megafauna bentónica de fondos sedimentarios tropicales y conocer la influencia de variables que pueden determinar el tamaño de estos organismos, evaluando hipótesis y paradigmas ecológicos de mar profundo originados en zonas subtropicales y templadas. El área de estudio abarcó toda la plataforma continental del Caribe colombiano. Los ejemplares se recolectaron en 1998, 2001 y 2005 con red demersal semi-globo, entre 10 y 500 m de profundidad. Se seleccionaron las especies mejor representadas: Eudolium crosseanum, Cosmioconcha nitens, Nuculana acuta (moluscos), Astropecten alligator, Brissopsis atlantica, B. elongata (equinodermos), Anasimus latus, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus y Achelous spinicarpus (crustáceos). Para detectar tendencias significativas de cambio de tamaño, e inferir la influencia de variables bióticas y ambientales, se emplearon modelos aditivos generalizados, donde la talla fue la variable respuesta y las variables predictivas fueron: profundidad, temperatura, densidad intraespecífica e interespecífica, riqueza, latitud y longitud. Se midieron 7 000 ejemplares en total. Seis especies presentaron un incremento de la talla con el aumento de la profundidad y la disminución de la temperatura. Dichas especies abarcaron ámbitos batimétricos que superaron los 10 °C de diferencia entre zonas someras y profundas. Geográficamente se presentó una marcada disminución de tallas en el área de influencia de la desembocadura del río Magdalena, debida posiblemente a los fuertes cambios físicosquímicos que este río genera, principalmente porque es la zona con menos productividad primaria planctónica de toda el área de estudio. Hacia el norte de la desembocadura del río Magdalena se presentó un notorio aumento de tamaños entre los (74° - 71°W y 11° - 13°N), que puede deberse a la surgencia que se presenta en el norte del Caribe colombiano. La relación entre la densidad de individuos y la talla no fue clara. Sin embargo cinco especies mostraron una relación inversa con la densidad intraespecífica, y tres con la interespecífica. Temperatura y profundidad fueron las variables que mejor explicaron los cambios de talla detectados. La mayoría de especies presentaron un aumento de dimensiones corporales con la disminución de la temperatura en el perfil batimétrico. La tendencia al aumento de tallas con la profundidad es contraria a lo indicado por los modelos teóricos de talla óptima (pero acorde con algunos estudios más recientes), que predicen un decrecimiento del tamaño de los organismos con el incremento de la profundidad, debido a la disminución de nutrientes hacia zonas profundas del océano. Es posible que el aumento de tamaño sea una estrategia adaptativa para la maximización de la energía, como ocurre con muchos organismos en las porciones más frías de su ámbito de distribución. Futuros estudios en el Caribe deberían examinar variaciones en la talla de la megafauna bentónica en zonas más profundas (más de 500 m), donde la temperatura varía menos, razón por la cual otros factores pueden ser más importantes para determinar el tamaño de estos organismos.

Abstract: Understanding and predicting adaptations in body size of megabenthic invertebrates remains a major challenge in marine macroecology. This study was conducted in order to investigate size variations of benthic megafauna in the tropics and to identify the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that may produce changes to these organisms, testing unresolved hypothesis and paradigms of deep sea ecology from subtropical and temperate areas. The study area covered the continental shelf of the Colombian Caribbean. The samples were collected during 1998, 2001 and 2005, using semi-globe demersal net for a water depth of 10 to 500 m. The most common species were selected for further study: Eudolium crosseanum, Cosmioconcha nitens, Nuculana acuta (mollusks), Astropecten alligator, Brissopsis atlantica, B. elongata (equinoderms), Anasimus latus, Chasmocarcinus cylindricus and Achelous spinicarpus (crustaceans). Generalized Additive Models were used to detect significant changes in size and to infer the effects of biotic and environmental factors on organisms' size. The dependent variable was size and the predicting model variables were depth, temperature, intraspecific density, interspecific density, richness, latitude, and longitude. A total of 7 000 individuals were measured. Six species showed an increase in body size towards deeper and colder sites. These species inhabit shallow and deep environments that exceed a variation in temperature of 10 °C. There was a remarkable size reduction in areas affected by the Magdalena River, possibly due to major physicochemical changes caused by the river. This region has the lowest planktonic primary productivity within the study area. An increase in sizes was observed north of the Magdalena River (74° - 71°W & 11° - 13°N), which may be attributable to the coastal upwelling occurring in this part of Colombia. The relationship between the density of benthic organisms and size was not clear. However, five species showed an inverse relation with intraspecific density and three with interspecific density. Temperature and depth were the variables that best explained the variations in size. Most of the studied species showed an increase in body size when temperature dropped along the bathymetric range. The trend of increasing size in deeper zones is contrary to the prediction of the optimal size theoretical model (but consistent with recent studies), which indicates a reduction in organisms' size in the deep sea, due to food limitation with increasing depth. It is possible that this increase in size is an adaptation to maximize energy, which is frequently observed in the coldest habitats of several species. Future studies in Caribbean should examine variations in size of benthic megafauna towards deeper zones (more than 500 m), were temperature is less variable and then other factors can play a more important role determining the size of these organisms. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1002-1021. Epub 2017 September 01.

Anopheles darlingi Root 1926 (Diptera: Culicidae): variaciones morfométricas en alas y patas de poblaciones de Colombia / Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Rood 1926: Morphometric variations in wings and legs of populations from Colombia

Resumen Introducción. Las poblaciones naturales de Anopheles darlingi, principal transmisor de la malaria en Colombia, han mostrado plasticidad fenotípica en algunos de sus caracteres diagnósticos. Objetivo. Caracterizar las variaciones morfométricas de los patrones alares y de la pata posterior en poblaciones naturales de An. darlingi recolectados en localidades colombianas donde la malaria es endémica. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los patrones de manchas de la vena costal del ala de hembras silvestres recolectadas en los departamentos de Chocó, Guaviare, Meta y Vichada mediante morfometría lineal y geométrica. El segundo tarsómero posterior de las hembras se analizó mediante morfometría lineal. Resultados. Se encontraron 19 patrones de manchas de la vena costal. Los patrones I, con 49 % (n=118/240) y VI, con 28 % (n=66), fueron los más frecuentes. La proporción del área oscura basal (DS-III2 ) y del tarsómero posterior (Ta-III2 ) constituyó una característica sólida de diagnóstico, pues representó el 89 % (n=213/240) del total de especímenes analizados. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la forma (F=1,65; gl=50; p<0,001) y el tamaño (F=3,37; gl=5; p=0,005) del ala entre las poblaciones de diferentes localidades. El centroide de menor tamaño (2,64 mm) se encontró en las poblaciones de Chocó. Conclusiones. Se registraron 11 patrones nuevos para las manchas de la vena costal y se confirmó la dominancia de los patrones alares I y VI en las poblaciones de An. darlingi de Colombia, así como la relación de DS-III2 y Ta-III2 como un rasgo sólido de diagnóstico para la taxonomía de la especie. Se encontraron diferencias en el tamaño corporal de las poblaciones evaluadas, lo cual reviste importancia para el análisis de aspectos bionómicos de la especie.

Abstract Introduction: Natural populations of Anopheles darlingi, the main malaria vector in Colombia, have shown phenotypic variations in some of their diagnostic characters. Objective: To characterize morphometric variations in wing spot patterns and diagnostic characters of the hind leg of adult females of An. darlingi collected in areas where malaria is endemic. Materials and methods: Patterns of the costal vein spots of wild females of An. darling populations collected in the departments of Chocó, Guaviare, Meta and Vichada were analyzed using linear and morphometric approaches. The second tarsomere of the hind leg of females was characterized by linear morphometric analysis. Results: We found 19 patterns of spots in the costal vein; patterns I (n=118/240, 49%) and VI (n=66, 28%) were the most frequent. The proportion of the basal dark area of hind tarsomere II and the length of hind tarsomere II (DSIII2 /Ta-III2) constituted a robust diagnostic character as it represented 89% (n=213/240) of the total specimens studied. Significant differences were found in the wing shape (F=1.65, df =50, p<0.001) and the wing size (F=3.37, df=5, p=0.005) among populations from different locations. The smallest centroid size (2.64 mm) was found in populations from Chocó. Conclusions. We registered 11 new wing spot patterns in the costal vein and the dominance of the patterns I and VI for populations of An. darlingi from Colombia. We confirmed DSIII2/TaIII2 ratio as a robust diagnostic character for the taxonomy of this species. We found differences between the size and shape of the wings of An. darlingi populations in accordance to their geographical distribution, which constitute important bionomic aspects for this malaria vector.

Cardiac remodeling indicators in adolescent athletes / Indicadores de remodelagem cardíaca em atletas adolescentes

Summary Objective: The idea that different sports and physical training type results in different cardiac adaptations has been widely accepted. However, this remodelling process among different sport modalities is still not fully understood. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the heart morphology variation associated with a set of different modalities characterized by distinct models of preparation and different methods and demands of training and completion. Method: The sample comprises 42 basketball players, 73 roller hockey players, 28 judo athletes and 21 swimmers. Anthropometry was assessed by a single and experienced anthropometrist and the same technician performed the echocardiographic exams. Analysis of variance was used to study age, body size and echocardiograph parameters as well as different sport athlete's comparison. Results: Basketball players are taller (F=23.448; p<0.001; ES-r=0.553), heavier (F=6.702; p<0.001; ES-r=0.334) and have a greater body surface area (F=11.896; p<0.001; ES-r=0.427). Basketball and hockey players have larger left auricle diameters compared with judo athletes (F=3.865; p=0.011; ES-r=0.316). Interventricular end-diastolic septal thickness (F=7.287; p<0.001; ES-r=0.347) and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (F=8.038; p<0.001; ES-r=0.362) of the judokas are smaller compared to the mean values of other sports participants. In addition, relative left parietal ventricular wall thickness is lower among swimmers compared with judokas (F=4.127; p=0.008; ES-r=0.268). Conclusion: The major contributors to changes in heart morphology are for the most part associated with sport-specific training and competition and the specific dynamics and adaptive mechanisms imposed by each sport.

Resumo Objetivo: Os efeitos decorrentes da prática de diferentes modalidades desportivas resultam em padrões divergentes de adaptação cardíaca. A presente pesquisa procura estudar a variação da morfologia do coração associada a um conjunto de modalidades desportivas distintas quanto à natureza do esforço e aos modelos de preparação, incluindo metodologias de treino e sistemas de competição. Método: Foram estudados 42 basquetebolistas, 73 hoquistas, 28 judocas e 21 nadadores. A antropometria foi avaliada por um único e experiente antropometrista e os exames ecocardiográficos foram realizados pelo mesmo operador. Recorreu-se à análise da variância para estudar a variação associada a idade, medidas de tamanho corporal e parâmetros ecocardiográficos, bem como para a comparação entre os atletas de diferentes modalidades desportivas. Resultados: Os basquetebolistas são os atletas mais altos (F=23,448; p<0,001; ES-r=0,553), mais pesados (F=6,702; p<0,001; ES-r=0,334), com maior superfície corporal (F=11,896; p<0,001; ES-r=0,427) e, com os hoquistas, apresentam um diâmetro da aurícula esquerda superior ao dos judocas (F=3,865; p=0,011; ES-r=0,316). A espessura telediastólica do septo interventricular (F=7,287; p<0,001; ES-r=0,347) e da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (F=8,038; p<0,001; ES-r=0,362) dos judocas é inferior à dos outros atletas, mesmo quando controlado para o tamanho corporal. Os nadadores apresentam uma espessura parietal relativa do ventrículo esquerdo superior à dos judocas (F=4,127; p=0,008; ES-r=0,268). Conclusão: As diferentes fontes de variação da morfologia cardíaca prendem-se com as dinâmicas do processo de treino, competição e correspondentemente com os mecanismos adaptativos, sobrepondo-se ao processo de formação desportiva a longo prazo.